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The development of pedagogical activities through remote teaching became common during the pandemic. Based on a survey carried out by the National Confederation of Municipalities, a set of heterogeneities was identified regarding the actions adopted in the area of education in Brazil. This study finds support in the concept of state capacities and aims to deepen the understanding of the factors that contributed to the increase of municipalities' capacity to respond to the crisis. A regression was performed considering a set of variables linked to the characteristics of the local governments. It was concluded that variables related to technical-administrative and political-relational capacities related to the existence of participatory channels were fundamental in this process.
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Worldwide vaccination has reduced hospitalization and lethality of COVID-19. However, access to vaccines has not been homogeneous across regions and individual countries have shaped their own strategy for the distribution and application of vaccines. In Mexico, vaccination started in November 2020. This chapter reviews Mexico's vaccination strategy and its coverage in comparison with other countries and the impact of vaccination on mortality rates. We also analyze if vaccination may have been used as a political strategy given its application patterns before two major events, i.e., midterm elections and a public consultation. Finally, we evaluate socioeconomic variables across states to predict the vaccination coverage state-wise. We found that as of January 2022, almost 60% of Mexicans has been vaccinated. Thus, mortality associated to COVID-19 has reduced compared with the three previous contagion waves. Finally, the socioeconomic variable that better explain differences across states in terms of vaccination coverage was the percentage of rural population, that is, vaccination was lower where rural population was highest. This result goes against the Mexican federal strategy of protecting the most vulnerable regions first, where rural population was the largest. © TheEditor(s) (ifapplicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021, 2022.
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The aim of expanding access to tertiary education is based on its three promises;that it will support the development of individual capabilities, develop workforce capacity to promote economic development, and strengthen social cohesion. In this chapter, we review massification across three education systems and identify traps in achieving the promises of tertiary education in systems beset by social inequalities. We argue delivering on these three promises is not necessarily a natural consequence of increased access. Rather, policymakers should seek to balance and maximize the three promises of tertiary education, especially when navigating a complex and shifting post-COVID global landscape. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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The purpose of this Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis study was to understand how mid-level professionals in student affairs experience their own capacity for and training experiences in minimizing burnout from stressors related to the COVID-19 pandemic at colleges and universities in New England. Herzberg's two factor theory of motivation served as the theoretical framework for this research study, as it described the how supervision can impact job satisfaction. Seven mid-level supervisors from New England colleges and universities participated in two semi-structured interviews. Findings from data analysis included: (a) mid-level supervisors are challenged with guiding staff through change where institutions of higher education struggle with adaptability;(b) supervisors understand empathy and constructive relationships as important supervisory capacities to minimize burnout;(c) while supervision can aid in minimizing burnout among direct reports, it may not individually address the pervasive and complex issue;and (d) supervisory capacity development in student affairs is experiential and lacking robust, formal training practices. This study illustrated how mid-level supervisors understood their abilities and limitations of reducing burnout within complex college and university environments. Recommendations from this study included implications for senior student affairs officers and human resources management including offering institutional specific, cohort-based supervisor training and development initiatives and improved supervisor onboarding processes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
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The impact caused by COVID-19 and its effects on the national economy revealed the little or no capacity of companies to cope with this situation, causing temporary and, in some cases, permanent closure in various sectors. Given this situation, this paper aims to determine the validity and reliability of an instrument to measure business resilience in small and medium-sized companies based on the perception of their directors, managers and/or owners. The methodology was based in a quantitative approach, exploratory scope, and non-experimental design. The instrument was initially composed of 48 items grouped into three dimensions of resilient capacities: foresight, adaptation, and recovery, which was applied to a sample of 346 companies established in Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche, Mexico. According to the results, it is concluded that the analyzed instrument meets the reliability and construct validity criteria, highlighting the reduction to 20 items with factor loads between 0.556 and 0.811 grouped into three factors that explain 66.97% of the total variance. © 2023, Universidad del Zulia. All rights reserved.
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This article is part of the Research Topic: 'Health Systems Recovery in the Context of COVID-19 and Protracted Conflict.' Problem: Many countries lacked rapid and nimble data systems to track health service capacities to respond to COVID-19. They struggled to assess and monitor rapidly evolving service disruptions, health workforce capacities, health products availability, community needs and perspectives, and mitigation responses to maintain essential health services. Method: Building on established methodologies, the World Health Organization developed a suite of methods and tools to support countries to rapidly fill data gaps and guide decision-making during COVID-19. The tools included: (1) a national "pulse" survey on service disruptions and bottlenecks; (2) a phone-based facility survey on frontline service capacities; and (3) a phone-based community survey on demand-side challenges and health needs. Use: Three national pulse surveys revealed persisting service disruptions throughout 2020-2021 (97 countries responded to all three rounds). Results guided mitigation strategies and operational plans at country level, and informed investments and delivery of essential supplies at global level. Facility and community surveys in 22 countries found similar disruptions and limited frontline service capacities at a more granular level. Findings informed key actions to improve service delivery and responsiveness from local to national levels. Lessons learned: The rapid key informant surveys provided a low-resource way to collect action-oriented health services data to inform response and recovery from local to global levels. The approach fostered country ownership, stronger data capacities, and integration into operational planning. The surveys are being evaluated to inform integration into country data systems to bolster routine health services monitoring and serve as health services alert functions for the future.
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COVID-19 , Humans , COVID-19/epidemiology , Pandemics , Health Services , Heart Rate , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Background: The current pandemic requires hospitals to ensure care not only for the growing number of COVID-19 patients but also regular patients. Hospital resources must be allocated accordingly. Objective: To provide hospitals with a planning model to optimally allocate resources to intensive care units given a certain incidence of COVID-19 cases. Methods: The analysis included 334 cases from four adjacent counties south-west of Munich. From length of stay and type of ward [general ward (NOR), intensive care unit (ICU)] probabilities of case numbers within a hospital at a certain time point were derived. The epidemiological situation was simulated by the effective reproduction number R, the infection rates in mid-August 2020 in the counties, and the German hospitalization rate. Simulation results are compared with real data from 2nd and 3rd wave (September 2020-May 2021). Results: With R = 2, a hospitalization rate of 17%, mitigation measures implemented on day 9 (i.e., 7-day incidence surpassing 50/100,000), the peak occupancy was reached on day 22 (155.1 beds) for the normal ward and on day 25 (44.9 beds) for the intensive care unit. A higher R led to higher occupancy rates. Simulated number of infections and intensive care unit occupancy was concordant in validation with real data obtained from the 2nd and 3rd waves in Germany. Conclusion: Hospitals could expect a peak occupancy of normal ward and intensive care unit within ~5-11 days after infections reached their peak and critical resources could be allocated accordingly. This delay (in particular for the peak of intensive care unit occupancy) might give options for timely preparation of additional intensive care unit resources.
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In the period 2020-2022 the Russian economy has been facing the new, unprecedented challenges of coronavirus and sanctions. In order to analyze the current state of affairs, we are offering an econometric study of Russia's macroeconomic production function for 1990-2022 and an estimation of the marginal rate of technical substitution under internal and external restrictions associated with the spread of the Wuhan coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and the conduct of Russia's special military operation in Ukraine, accompanied by increased sanctions pressure on the Russian economy. We have obtained several significant results. In the years 1991-1996 the marginal rate of technical substitution was increasing, and in 1997-2020 it was decreasing except for 2008-2009 and 2015. In the context of the Wuhan coronavirus pandemic, the main reasons for the Russian economy's decline in 2020 and growth in 2021 were, first of all, fluctuations in the world crude oil price, and not the Wuhan coronavirus pandemic as such. We did not find any evidence that the decline in the world crude oil price in 2020 was caused by a decrease in demand from China, since Russian oil exports to China increased. Contrary to many negative forecasts, the results of our forecasting of Russia's GDP for 2022 show that under sharply increased sanctions pressure, with the world price of Urals oil at $60 per barrel, the average growth rate will be 0%, while at $70 it will be 4%, and at $80 it will be 7%. Under the reduced demand for Russian gas and the shutdown of the Nord Stream 1 gas pipeline, the forecast volumes of gross natural gas production by Gazprom (excluding Gazprom Neft) in the Tyumen Region for 2022, based on the exponential production function studied by econometric methods, range from 364 to 392 billion cubic meters. Using the example of Great Britain, where in 2021 the average actual export prices for Russian oil and gas were the lowest compared to other Western European countries, we discuss the economic inexpediency of setting marginal prices for Russian energy products by Western consumers.
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Due to the high incidence of kidney disease, there is an urgent need to develop wearable artificial kidneys. This need is further exacerbated by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. However, the dialysate regeneration system of the wearable artificial kidney has a low adsorption capacity for urea, which severely limits its application. Therefore, nanomaterials that can effectively remove uremic toxins, especially urea, to regenerate dialysate are required and should be further investigated and developed. Herein, flower-like molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) nanosheets decorated with highly dispersed cerium oxide (CeO2) were prepared (MoS2/CeO2), and their adsorption performances for urea, creatinine, and uric acid were studied in detail. Due to the open interlayer structures and the combination of MoS2 and CeO2, which can provide abundant adsorption active sites, the MoS2/CeO2 nanomaterials present excellent uremic toxin adsorption activities. Further, uremic toxin adsorption capacities were also assessed using a self-made fixed bed device under dynamic conditions, with the aim of developing MoS2/CeO2 for the practical adsorption of uremic toxins. In addition, the biocompatibility of MoS2/CeO2 was systematically analyzed using hemocompatibility and cytotoxicity assays. Our data suggest that MoS2/CeO2 can be safely used for applications requiring close contact with blood. Our findings confirm that novel 2-dimensional nanomaterial adsorbents have significant potential for dialysis fluid regeneration. © 2022
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In the period 2020-2022 the Russian economy has been facing the new, unprecedented challenges of coronavirus and sanctions. In order to analyze the current state of affairs, we are offering an econometric study of Russia's macroeconomic production function for 1990-2022 and an estimation of the marginal rate of technical substitution under internal and external restrictions associated with the spread of the Wuhan coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and the conduct of Russia's special military operation in Ukraine, accompanied by increased sanctions pressure on the Russian economy. We have obtained several significant results. In the years 1991-1996 the marginal rate of technical substitution was increasing, and in 1997-2020 it was decreasing except for 2008-2009 and 2015. In the context of the Wuhan coronavirus pandemic, the main reasons for the Russian economy's decline in 2020 and growth in 2021 were, first of all, fluctuations in the world crude oil price, and not the Wuhan coronavirus pandemic as such. We did not find any evidence that the decline in the world crude oil price in 2020 was caused by a decrease in demand from China, since Russian oil exports to China increased. Contrary to many negative forecasts, the results of our forecasting of Russia's GDP for 2022 show that under sharply increased sanctions pressure, with the world price of Urals oil at $60 per barrel, the average growth rate will be 0%, while at $70 it will be 4%, and at $80 it will be 7%. Under the reduced demand for Russian gas and the shutdown of the Nord Stream 1 gas pipeline, the forecast volumes of gross natural gas production by Gazprom (excluding Gazprom Neft) in the Tyumen Region for 2022, based on the exponential production function studied by econometric methods, range from 364 to 392 billion cubic meters. Using the example of Great Britain, where in 2021 the average actual export prices for Russian oil and gas were the lowest compared to other Western European countries, we discuss the economic inexpediency of setting marginal prices for Russian energy products by Western consumers. © 2022 The authors.
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More than two years since the first SARS-CoV-2 infection were reported, the COVID-19 pandemic remains an acute global emergency. The COVID-19 pandemic has deeply affected the lives of people across the world. Its health, economic, political, educational, and societal consequences have disproportionately affected the most vulnerable. Apart from being a global health concern, COVID-19 is having major consequences on the world economy. The pandemic has challenged local, national, regional and global capacities to prepare and respond. Health systems globally have employed three common approaches to rapidly scale up health system infrastructure, namely by constructing new treatment facilities, converting public venues and reconfiguring existing medical facilities to provide care for patients with COVID-19. Considerable efforts were being made behind the scenes to develop new strategies to ensure adequate public healthcare infrastructure and workplace capacities. Hospitals have repurposed and reallocated internal space and redeployed resources to manage COVID-19 patients. Countries discharged many patients from hospitals to their homes and postponed non-critical treatment and elective procedures. Almost all hospitals adopted a strategy of hospital approach to COVID-19 with the different primary and secondary goals. In this article we present a strategy of Mikaelyan University Hospital located in Yerevan, Armenia in managing patients with COVID-19. Preparing for patients' admission, developing of internal and external hospital communications, reconstruction, redistribution of human resources was carried out in parallel with trainings of health care workers, patients' education, etc. Mikaelyan University Hospital laboratory was reorganized to implement the new approaches and goals in managing of unprecedented number of patients and to secure quality control. The number of intensive care unit beds has been increased, also all possible efforts have been made to obtain all the required equipment and maintenance. Overall, the strategy can be considered successful as it was based on the multidisciplinary and multisectoral approach including academic sector, clinicians, leadership, patients, decision makers, nurses, radiologists, psychologists, intensivists, etc. Copyright © 2022, Yerevan State Medical University. All rights reserved.
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With the surge of deep uncertainties and multi-dimensional impacts of crisis events, social resilience assessment needs to advance the analysis of dynamic influencing process for urban system. To this end, this paper investigates the resilience assessment method of social resilience by using the differences analysis between capacities and demands. A gap analysis-based assessment method for social resilience is developed to quantify the resilience gap and levels, and a systemic resilience analysis framework is proposed to support overall analysis of urban systems. To verify the proposed method, we apply it to the novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in Shanghai during the period of February to May, 2022. Based on the data analysis of COVID-19-related cases, we compared the capacities and demands in urban medical system of patients transferring, admission and healing procedure. The fluctuations of resilience levels are examined and discussed. In addition, the resilience analysis of social systems and governance capacity in COVID-19 crisis are further carried out, and three-layer measures and procedure optimizations are introduced to build social resilience. The proposed resilience assessment method and systemic resilience management measures have potential implications and applications in the practical epidemic prevention and control. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
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The relentless growth in Mexico City’s aviation traffic has inevitably strained capacity development of its airport, raising the dilemma between the possible solutions. In the present study, Mexico’s Multi-Airport System is subjected to analysis by means of multi-model simulation, focusing on the capacity-demand problem of the system. The methodology combines phases of modelling, data collection, simulation, experimental design, and analysis. Drawing a distinction from previous works involving two-airport systems. It also explores the challenges raised by the Covid-19 pandemic in Mexico City airport operations, with a discrete-event simulation model of a multi-airport system composed by three airports (MEX, TLC, and the new airport NLU). The study is including the latest data of flights, infrastructures, and layout collected in 2021. Therefore, the paper aims to answer to the question of whether the system will be able to cope with the expected demand in a short-, medium-, and long-term by simulating three future scenarios based on aviation forecasts. The study reveals potential limitations of the system as time evolves and the feasibility of a joint operation to absorb the demand in such a big region like Mexico City. © 2022 The Authors.
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This paper tries to determine the most vulnerable points of high–income countries during the Covid-19 pandemic in an MCDM setting. For this aim, we use the entropy method to obtain criteria weights and the PIV method for the comparisons. We employ a wide range of criteria that account for political, demographic, capacity, and Covid-19 indicators including vaccination. Our sample consists of 40 HICs. The results reveal that countries with less equitable healthcare systems and with more vaccine hesitancy are more vulnerable to Covid-19. Hospital bed capacity, a strict government policy, and a lower percentage of the population who smoke add to the success of countries in this combat. We compare our findings with SAW and MAUT techniques as well and obtain very similar rankings. Therefore, we conclude that the PIV method can be used for national performance evaluations with a reduced rank reversal problem and computational simplicity. © 2022 by the authors.
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BACKGROUND: Points of Entry (POEs) are at the frontline for prevention, detection and response to international spread of diseases. The objective of this assessment was to ascertain the current level of existing International Health Regulations (IHR) core capacities of designated airports, ports and ground crossings in Cameroon and identify critical gaps for capacity building for prevention, early warning and response to public health threats including COVID-19. METHODS: Data were collected from April to May 2020 in 5 designated POEs: Yaounde Nsimalen International Airport (YIA), Douala international Airport (DIA), Douala Autonomous Port (DAP), Garoua-Boulai ground crossing, Kye-Ossi ground crossing which were all selected for their high volume of passenger and goods traffic. The World Health Organization (WHO) assessment tool for core capacity requirements at designated airports, ports and ground crossings was used to collect data on three technical capacities: (i) communication and coordination, (ii) Capacities at all times and (iii) capacities to respond to Public Health Emergencies of International Concern (PHEIC). RESULTS: All the investigated POEs scored below 50% of capacities in place. YIA recorded the highest percentage for all groups of capacities, coordination and communication and for core capacity at all times with a percentage of 42%, 58% and 32% respectively. For core capacity to respond to PHEIC, all the POEs recorded below 50%. The DAP and all ground crossings lacked trained personnel for inspection of conveyances. Only DIA had a public health emergency plan. There is no isolation/quarantine and transport capacity at the POEs. CONCLUSION: All POEs assessed did not meet IHR standards and need significant improvement to fulfill the IHR requirements. Unstructured communication channels between stakeholders make the implementation of IHR challenging. A coordination mechanism, with clear functions and structure, is necessary for well-coordinated response efforts to health emergencies at POEs. This assessment will serve as a baseline to inform planning and IHR implementation at designated POEs in Cameroon.
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COVID-19 , Public Health , Humans , COVID-19/epidemiology , Cameroon/epidemiology , Emergencies , Pandemics/prevention & controlABSTRACT
The aim of expanding access to tertiary education is based on its three promises;that it will support the development of individual capabilities, develop workforce capacity to promote economic development, and strengthen social cohesion. In this chapter, we review massification across three education systems and identify traps in achieving the promises of tertiary education in systems beset by social inequalities. We argue delivering on these three promises is not necessarily a natural consequence of increased access. Rather, policymakers should seek to balance and maximize the three promises of tertiary education, especially when navigating a complex and shifting post-COVID global landscape.
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IUCN analyzed 43 projects related to climate change implemented in Costa Rica from 2012 to 2022 as a contribution to improve decision making to face climate change. The results show a strong tendency to focus efforts in strengthening of capacities, the protection and restoration of ecosystems, water resources management (a cross-cutting issue) and finally, food security. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) were the major implementing organizations, but the international organizations managed the largest amount of budget. The largest economic investment of these initiatives was in coastal provinces. Five challenges were identified to increase the contribution of projects to the reduction of climate vulnerabilities: strengthening local capacities and governance mechanisms in project management;improve more direct community participation;increase efforts in food security (key issue also given the vulnerabilities deepened by the COVID19 pandemic);include risk management as a strategic theme;and prioritize monitoring to generate scientific evidence on progress and impacts.
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Purpose This study explored whether the critical incident management systems (CIMS) model can predict the EMS performance in the COVID-19 context. Past research has established the significance of early detection and response (ER) in the context of Ebola virus disease (EVD), prompting a question of whether the model can also be helpful in the COVID-19 context. Consequently, the authors assessed whether ER influences the impact of communication capacity (CC), reliable information channel (RC) and environment (EN) on COVID-19 EMS performance. Assessing these relationships will advance emerging infectious disease (EID) preparedness. Design/methodology/approach The authors employed standardized measurement instruments of the CIMS model (CC, ER, RC and EN) to predict the performance of COVID-19 EMS using structural equation modeling (SEM) in a study of 313 participants from frontline responders. Findings The results show that the relationship of ER and EN with COVID-19 EMS performance is positive, while that of EN on CC is negative. The relationship between EN and COVID-19 EMS performance was insignificant. Contrary to the hypothesis, CC was negatively significant to COVID-19 EMS performance due to poor communication capacities. Research limitations/implications The authors acknowledge some limitations due to challenges faced in this study. First, Data collection was a significant limitation as these questionnaires were built and distributed in June 2020, but the response time was prolonged due to the recurring nature of the pandemic. The authors had wanted to implore the inputs of all stakeholders, and efforts were made to reach out to various Ministry of Health, the local CDC and related agencies in the region via repeated emails explaining the purpose of the study to no avail. The study finally used the frontline workers as the respondents. The authors used international students from various countries as the representatives to reach out to their countries' frontline workers. Second, since the study was only partially supported using the CIMS model, future studies may combine the CIMS model with other models or theories. Subsequent research reassesses this outcome in other contexts or regions. Consequently, further research can explore how CC can be improved with COVID-19 and another future EID in the region. This may improve the COVID-19 EMS performance, thereby expanding the lesson learned from the pandemic and sustaining public health EID response. Additionally, other authors may combine the CIMS model with other emergency management models or theories to establish a fully supported theoretical model in the context of COVID-19. Practical implications The findings have practical implications for incident managers, local CDCs, governments, international organizations and scholars. The outcome of the study might inform these stakeholders on future direction and contribution to EID preparedness. This study unfolds the impact of lessons learned in the region demonstrated by moderating early detection and responses with other constructs to achieve COVID-19 EMS performance. The findings reveal that countries that experienced the 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak, were not necessarily more prepared for an epidemic or pandemic, judging by the negative moderating impact of early detection and response. However, these experiences provide a foundation for the fight against COVID-19. There is a need for localized plans tailored to each country's situation, resources, culture and lifestyle. The localized plan will be to mitigate and prevent an unsustainable EID management system, post-epidemic fund withdrawals and governance. This plan might be more adaptable and sustainable for the local health system when international interventions are withdrawn after an epidemic. Public health EID plans must be adapted to each country's unique situation to ensure sustainability and constantly improve EID management of epidemics and pandemics in emergency response. The high to moderate importation risk in African countries shows Africa's largest wind w of vulnerability to be West Africa (Gilbert et al., 2020). Therefore, they should be in the spotlight for heightened assistance towards the preparedness and response for a future pandemic like COVID-19. The West African region has a low capacity to manage the health emergency to match the population capacities. The COVID-19 outbreak in West Africa undoubtedly inflicted many disruptions in most countries' economic, social and environmental circumstances. The region's unique challenges observed in this study with CC and reliable information channels as being negatively significant highlight the poor maintenance culture and weak institutions due to brain drain and inadequate training and monitoring. This outcome practically informs West African stakeholders and governments on aspects to indulge when trying to improve emergency preparedness as the outcomes from other regions might not be applicable. Originality/value This study explored the relevance of the CIMS model in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, revealing different patterns of influence on COVID-19 EMS performance. In contrast to the extant literature on EVD, the authors found the moderating effects of ER in the COVID-19 context. Thus, the authors contribute to the COVID-19 EMS performance domain by developing a context-driven EMS model. The authors discuss the theoretical and practical implications.
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Street Level Bureaucrat (SLB) and Conservation of Resources theories are used to develop measures for Public Value (PV) and a higher-order construct comprising psychological capacities and behavioural capabilities - HERO-INE, and to test whether it is an antecedent of Public Service Motivation (PSM) and Public Value (PV) using data from 259 SLBs working in Australian healthcare collected at two points in time and analysed using Structural Equation Modelling. HERO-INE, PSM, and in-role behaviour explained approximately 40% of the SLBs' PV. The implication is that organizations must ensure that SLBs have the psychological and behavioural capabilities to deliver PV.
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OBJECTIVES: Response capacities for public health emergencies (PHEs) amongst healthcare workers play important roles in the prevention and control of PHEs. This study assessed the attitudes and response capacities of PHE workers in primary healthcare (PHC) institutions. METHODS: An online anonymous questionnaire survey of 803 healthcare workers sampled from 13 PHC institutions in Wuhan, China, was conducted from April to June 2020. The Kruskal-Wallis test and linear regression model were used to analyze the response capacities of PHE workers and associated factors. RESULTS: The healthcare workers with longer working years, particularly 30 years and above, had higher knowledge (OR = 7.323, p < 0.001) and practical ability scores (OR = 8.012, p < 0.001) when compared to those with less than 5 working years. The nurses had higher practical ability scores (OR = 2.188, p = 0.049), and pharmacists had lower practical ability scores (OR = 0.166, p = 0.007), when compared to doctors. Moreover, the healthcare workers who had never participated in educational activities related to PHE management in the past two years (OR = 0.540, p = 0.038; OR = 0.282, p = 0.001), had not participated in a PHE drill activity (OR = 0.327, p < 0.001; OR = 0.340, p = 0.004), and had never been involved in emergency management of PHEs (OR = 0.254, p < 0.001; OR = 0.174, p < 0.001) had lower knowledge and practical ability scores. CONCLUSION: The healthcare workers with longer working years had better response capacities, and nurses had better practical abilities when compared to doctors. More emergency management education and chances to be involved in PHE drill activities were encouraged amongst healthcare workers in PHC institutions for better prevention and control of PHEs. Moreover, inter-institution cooperation, a flexible response system, and dynamic adjustment of healthcare workers were suggested during PHEs.